Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2015.075
eISSN: 1857-9655
Public Health
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Reliability, Validity and Factor Structure of the 12-Item General Health
Questionnaire among General Population
Miodraga Stefanovska Petkovska1, Marjan I.
Bojadziev1, Vesna Velikj Stefanovska2*
1University American College, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia;
2Institute of Epidemiology and Biostatistics with Medical Informatics,
Medical Faculty, Ss Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, Skopje,
Republic of Macedonia
AIM: The aim of the study is to analyze the internal consistency;
validity and factor structure of the twelve item General Health
Questionnaire for the Macedonian general population.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data came from nationally representative sample
of 1603 randomly selected Macedonians all aged 18 years or older.
RESULTS: The mean GHQ score in the general sample was found to be 7.9
(SD = 4.3). The results revealed a higher GHQ score among women (M = 8.91,
SD = 4.5) compared to men (M = 6.89; SD = 4.2). The participants from the
rural areas obtained a lower GHQ score (M = 7.55, SD = 3.8) compared to
participants coming from the urban areas (M = 9.37, SD = 4.1). The principal
component analysis with oblique rotation (direct oblimin) with maximum
likelihood procedure solution was performed and the results yielded a three
factor solution which jointly accounted for 57.17% of the total variance:
Factor I named social management (items 1, 3, 4, 6, 7 and 8); Factor II
stress (items 2, 5 and 9) and Factor III named self-confidence (items 10, 11
and 12). Its factor structure is in line with representative research from
other population groups.
CONCLUSION: The GHQ-12 can be used effectively for assessment of the
overall psychological well-being and detection of non-psychotic psychiatric
problems among the Macedonian population.
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Citation: Stefanovska Petkovska M, Bojadziev
MI, Velikj Stefanovska V. Reliability, Validity and Factor Structure of the
12-Item General Health Questionnaire among General Population. OA Maced J
Med Sci. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2015.075
Key words: General Health Questionnaire; factor structure;
reliability; psychological health.
*Correspondence: Prof. Vesna VELIK STEFANOVSKA, MD, MSc, PhD.
Institute of Epidemiology and Biostatistics with Medical Informatics,
Medical Faculty, Ss Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, Vodnjanska 31,
Skopje, Republic of Macedonia. Tel.: (+) 389 70 254 621. Fax.: (+) 389 2
3086 412. E-mail: vesnamia@t-home.mk
Received: 14-Apr-2015; Revised: 07-Jun-2015; Accepted: 08-Jun-2015; Online
first: 25-Jun-2015
Copyright: © 2015 Miodraga Stefanovska Petkovska, Marjan I. Bojadziev,
Vesna Velikj Stefanovska
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution,
and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are
credited.
Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing
interests exist.
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